Preface -- Geospatial Data Science -- Some Questions -- Why Study Geospatial Data Science? -- What Background Is Needed? -- Why This Book? -- A Note for Instructors -- Acknowledgments

1 Introduction -- 1.1 Ontologies and Linked Data -- 1.2 Geospatial Ontologies and Linked Geospatial Data -- 1.3 Linked Geospatial Data Models -- 1.4 Linked Geospatial Data Systems -- 1.5 Geospatial Knowledge Graphs -- 1.6 Summary -- 1.7 Exercise

2 Geospatial Data Modeling -- 2.1 Two Modeling Approaches -- 2.1.1 The Feature-Based Approach -- 2.1.2 Algebra and Calculi of Qualitative Spatial Relations -- 2.1.3 The Field-Based Approach -- 2.2 Implementation Techniques -- 2.2.1 Raster Representation -- 2.2.2 Vector Representation -- 2.2.3 Representation by Constraints -- 2.3 Summary -- 2.4 Exercises

3 Legacy Geospatial Data Technologies -- 3.1 Geospatial Data and Metadata -- 3.2 OGC Standards for Vector Data -- 3.2.1 Coordinate Reference Systems -- 3.2.2 The Well-Known Text Standard -- 3.2.3 The Geography Markup Language Standard -- 3.3 The CoverageJSON Format for Raster Data -- 3.4 Storing Geometries in Files -- 3.4.1 Shapefiles -- 3.4.2 The GeoTIFF Format -- 3.4.3 The NetCDF Standard -- 3.5 Storing Geometries in Relational DBMS -- 3.5.1 The PostGIS Extension of PostgreSQL -- 3.5.2 Importing Shapefiles in a PostGIS Database -- 3.5.3 Accessing Geospatial Databases using QGIS -- 3.6 Summary -- 3.7 Exercises

4 Ontologies and Linked Data -- 4.1 The Data Model RDF -- 4.2 The Query Language SPARQL -- 4.3 The Ontology Language RDFS -- 4.4 The Web Ontology Language OWL 2 -- 4.5 Summary -- 4.6 Exercises

5 Geospatial Ontologies -- 5.1 Basic Concepts -- 5.2 The GeoSPARQL Ontology -- 5.2.1 Core -- 5.2.2 Topology Vocabulary Extension -- 5.2.3 Geometry Extension -- 5.3 The Schema.org Ontology -- 5.3.1 Class schema:GeoCoordinates -- 5.3.2 Class schema:GeoShape -- 5.3.3 Class schema:Place -- 5.4 Comparing the GeoSPARQL Ontology with the Geospatial Part of Schema.org -- 5.5 Other Geospatial Vocabularies -- 5.6 Summary -- 5.7 Exercises

6 Linked Geospatial Data -- 6.1 The Global Administrative Areas Dataset -- 6.2 The CORINE Land Cover Dataset -- 6.3 The Leaf Area Index Dataset -- 6.4 The OpenStreetMap Dataset -- 6.4.1 Layer for Buildings -- 6.4.2 Layer for Land Use -- 6.4.3 Layer for Places -- 6.4.4 Layer for Points of Interest -- 6.4.5 Layer for Roads -- 6.4.6 Layer for Traffic -- 6.4.7 Layer for Transport -- 6.5 Publishing Geospatial Data on the Web -- 6.6 Summary -- 6.7 Exercises

7 Querying Geospatial Data Expressed in RDF -- 7.1 The Query Language GeoSPARQL -- 7.1.1 The Geometry Extension -- 7.1.2 The Geometry Topology Extension -- 7.1.3 The RDFS Entailment Extension -- 7.1.4 The Query Rewrite Extension -- 7.2 The Model stRDF and the Query Language stSPARQL -- 7.2.1 The Temporal Dimension of stRDF and stSPARQL -- 7.3 The Query Language GeoSPARQL+ -- 7.4 The Proposed Language GeoSPARQL 1.1 -- 7.4.1 Extended GeoSPARQL Ontology -- 7.4.2 Non-topological Query Functions -- 7.4.3 Spatial Aggregate Functions -- 7.4.4 Profile Definition -- 7.4.5 RDF Validation File -- 7.5 Summary -- 7.6 Exercises

8 Visualizing Linked Geospatial Data -- 8.1 The Tool Sextant -- 8.2 Thematic Maps -- 8.2.1 Map Ontology -- 8.2.2 Map Registry -- 8.2.3 Map Sharing -- 8.2.4 Map Search -- 8.3 Layers in Sextant -- 8.3.1 Raster Layers -- 8.3.2 Vector Layers -- 8.3.3 Layer Manipulation -- 8.3.4 Temporal Layers -- 8.4 Querying SPARQL Endpoints -- 8.5 Exploring SPARQL Endpoints -- 8.6 Summary -- 8.7 Exercises

9 Transforming Geospatial Data into RDF -- 9.1 The Tool GeoTriples -- 9.2 Example -- 9.3 The Tool GeoTriples-Spark -- 9.4 Similar Systems -- 9.5 Summary -- 9.6 Exercises

10 Interlinking Geospatial Data Sources -- 10.1 Creating Links -- 10.2 Geospatial Interlinking -- 10.2.1 Existing Tools and Approaches -- 10.2.2 Geospatial Interlinking in Practice with Silk -- 10.3 Link Discovery -- 10.3.1 Existing Tools and Approaches -- 10.3.2 Link Discovery in Practice with JedAI -- 10.4 Summary

11 Geospatial Ontology-based Data Access -- 11.1 Ontology-based Data Access -- 11.2 Ontop-spatial -- 11.3 Datasets -- 11.4 Creating Mappings -- 11.5 Querying -- 11.5.1 Breweries -- 11.5.2 Breweries in Athens -- 11.5.3 Parks in Athens -- 11.5.4 Roads Crossing the Boundaries of Athens -- 11.5.5 Restaurants in Athens -- 11.6 Summary -- 11.7 Exercises

12 Incomplete Geospatial Information -- 12.1 The Various Facets of Incomplete Information -- 12.2 Challenges to Querying Incomplete Geospatial Information -- 12.2.1 Entailed Topological Information -- 12.2.2 Entailed Spatial Information -- 12.2.3 Mixing Quantitative and Qualitative Information -- 12.3 Querying Incomplete Geospatial Information in the RDFⁱ Framework -- 12.3.1 Overview of the RDFⁱ Framework -- 12.3.2 Querying Entailed Topological Information -- 12.3.3 Querying Entailed Spatial Information -- 12.3.4 Querying Geospatial Information -- 12.4 Other Approaches to Managing Incomplete Geospatial Information -- 12.5 Summary -- 12.6 Exercises

13 Geospatial RDF Stores -- 13.1 Early Experimental Systems -- 13.1.1 Perry's Ph.D. Dissertation -- 13.1.2 The System of Brodt et al. -- 13.2 Outdated Systems -- 13.2.1 OpenRDF Sesame -- 13.2.2 uSeekM -- 13.3 Current Systems with Limited GeoSPARQL Functionality -- 13.3.1 AllegroGraph -- 13.3.2 OpenLink Virtuoso -- 13.3.3 Blazegraph DB -- 13.3.4 MarkLogic -- 13.4 Systems with Partial GeoSPARQL Support -- 13.4.1 Stardog -- 13.4.2 Strabon -- 13.4.3 Eclipse RDF4J (Formerly OpenRDF Sesame) -- 13.5 Systems with Extensive GeoSPARQL Support -- 13.5.1 Parliament -- 13.5.2 AnzoGraph DB -- 13.5.3 GraphDB -- 13.5.4 Apache Jena GeoSPARQL -- 13.6 Geospatial RDF Stores as a Service -- 13.6.1 Metaphactory -- 13.6.2 TriplyDB -- 13.7 Summary -- 13.8 Exercise

14 Geospatial Knowledge Graphs -- 14.1 The Knowledge Graph YAGO -- 14.2 The DBpedia Knowledge Graph -- 14.3 The Knowledge Graph Wikidata -- 14.4 The Knowledge Graph YAGO2geo -- 14.4.1 Data Sources -- 14.4.2 Methodology -- 14.5 Geospatial Knowledge in YAGO2geo -- 14.5.1 Extending YAGO4 Knowledge Graph with Geospatial Knowledge -- 14.6 The Knowledge Graph WorldKG -- 14.6.1 The WorldKG Ontology -- 14.6.2 Population of the WorldKG ontology -- 14.7 The Knowledge Graph KnowWhereGraph -- 14.8 Summary -- 14.9 Exercises --

15 Question Answering Engines for Geospatial Knowledge Graphs -- 15.1 The Benchmark GeoQuestions201 -- 15.2 The Geospatial QA System GeoQA -- 15.3 The Graphical User Interface of GeoQA -- 15.3.1 Asking a Question-Home Page -- 15.3.2 Displaying the Answer-Answer Page -- 15.3.3 Customizing the Pipeline-Options -- 15.4 Other Geospatial QA Research -- 15.5 Summary -- 15.6 Exercises

16 Putting It All Together: A Data Science Pipeline for Linked Earth Observation Data -- 16.1 Ingestion, Processing, Cataloguing, and Archiving -- 16.2 Dataset Discovery -- 16.3 Knowledge Discovery -- 16.4 Transformation into RDF -- 16.5 Interlinking -- 16.6 Publishing -- 16.7 Storage, Querying, and Question Answering -- 16.8 Search/Browse/Explore/Visualize -- 16.9 Summary -- 16.10 Exercise

17 Conclusions

Appendix A Prefixes

Bibliography

Authors' Biographies

Index

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